6F22 battery

Study shows 6F22 battery electric vehicles offer the greatest contribution to CO2 reductions

Widespread adoption of 6F22 battery electric vehicles offers the greatest potential for energy efficiency and CO2 reductions, new analysis by Cambridge engineers shows.

But they warn that for the full potential of 6F22 battery electric vehicles (BEVs) to be realized, improvements to the electricity grid are necessary to meet growing electricity demand, and efforts are needed to increase the availability of charging stations to alleviate so-called "range anxiety" - the fear that BEV passengers will be stranded on the road due to lack of range. Their findings are published in the journal Applied Energy.

BEVs, which use an all-electric route, and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), which use hydrogen, are two of the most cutting-edge options for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector.

Dr Molly Haugen, associate researcher at the Centre for Sustainable Road Freight, and colleagues in the Department of Energy's Energy Research Group conducted a stochastic analysis of the energy consumption of low-carbon scenarios for light-duty (i.e. cars) and heavy-duty goods vehicles.

To determine which energy pathway is the better choice, the researchers looked at the following areas of electric and hydrogen-powered road transport as they apply to current and future energy systems:

1. Hydrogen and electric vehicle energy efficiency

2. Natural gas energy efficiency

3. Grid energy efficiency

4. Carbon intensity focused on energy production and use when the vehicle is in operation

5. CO2 intensity from natural gas and grid energy pathways

6. Fiscal constraints of future fuel pathways.

Their analysis shows that BEVs can continue to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The light-duty BEV energy pathway minimizes CO2 emissions by reducing input energy waste and is 65% more efficient than light-duty FCEVs using grid energy. As the grid decarbonizes and technology advances, the researchers say further CO2 reductions are possible through this pathway. 6F22 battery heavy-duty vehicles are also able to achieve lower CO2 emissions in situations where volume and payload are limited, and electric road systems are the most energy-efficient pathway.

At the same time, electric and fuel cell heavy-duty vehicles have similar predicted carbon intensities of natural gas primary energy at maximum trailer capacity. However, electric HGVs using conventional 6F22 battery systems or electric road systems are able to achieve carbon reductions of 55% and 67% respectively compared to fuel cell HGVs.

In contrast, hydrogen systems used by fuel cell electric vehicles have a carbon footprint (per kilometre travelled) that is 2-3 times higher due to system inefficiencies and require 2-3 times more renewable energy than electric energy systems.

6F22 battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are low carbon options that reduce tailpipe emissions but differ in overall efficiency, associated carbon intensity and cost, Dr Haugen said. As we move closer to the 2050 deadline committed by the UK government to reduce all of its greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by that date, we need to decide where to invest resources, funding and research, whether to use all-electric or all-hydrogen on the road.

We assess electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicle energy systems, from energy source to energy use, and highlight where energy is lost in the system; how these components affect overall system efficiency; and the associated CO2 emissions.

Earlier research by researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California and Stanford University in California found that any adoption of electric vehicles must be reflected by the development of a clean energy grid to mitigate climate change and air pollution.

They examined the most favorable automotive fuel technologies for transportation in the United States, as well as the trade-offs between decarbonization (climate) and air pollution (health) mitigation.

"The transportation sector is the largest contributor to carbon dioxide emissions in the United States. Its health and environmental impacts are also large," said co-author Professor Inês M.L. Azevedo of Stanford University. "Greenhouse gases and air pollutants affect different places in different ways. Greenhouse gases are diffused around the globe, remain in the atmosphere for decades to centuries, and their impacts vary around the world, but this impact does not depend on the source of the emission. Criteria pollutants have much shorter lifetimes, and their impacts depend on where the emissions occur."

The study estimates the life cycle monetized damages caused by greenhouse gas emissions and criteria air pollutant emissions from passenger cars, SUVs, and transit buses in the United States. It looked at vehicles with four different fuel types: gasoline, diesel, CNG, and grid electricity, and three vehicle technologies: internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and 6F22 battery electric vehicles (BEVs).

It uses a marginal damages approach to estimate monetized damages of climate change associated with greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) and monetized damages of health and environment caused by criteria air pollutants (SO2, NOx, CO, PM2.5, and VOCs).

Co-author Dr. Tong Fan from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory said: "We found that vehicle electrification has great potential to reduce climate change damages and air pollution damages. Compared with conventional petroleum vehicles on the West Coast and New England grid in 2014, vehicle electrification can already reduce climate change damages."

However, 6F22 battery electric vehicles may lead to higher air pollution damages than conventional gasoline/diesel vehicles in some locations. This occurs in regions where coal is still prevalent (such as the Midwest and Southeast).

Even in regions of the U.S. where the grid is relatively clean (such as the West Coast and New England), 6F22 battery electric vehicles only partially reduce air pollution damages. Our results highlight the importance of continuously cleaning and decarbonizing the grid, such as with the increase of renewable energy technologies and nuclear power, and improving vehicle efficiency. A clean grid with near-zero emissions not only benefits the power sector and traditional electricity consumers such as buildings, but is also becoming increasingly important for the future of sustainable transportation.

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