Characteristics of lithium-ion batteries

　　Lithium batteries are a general term for chemical power sources that use metallic lithium or lithium containing substances as negative electrodes. It is a new type of high specific energy battery system that has been developed in the past decade. The idea of using active metals such as lithium and sodium as negative electrodes for batteries was first proposed by a researcher born in 1958 at the University of California in the United States. In the 1970s, Yasuro Fukuda of Panasonic Electric Company in Japan first invented and applied lithium fluoride carbon batteries. From then on, lithium batteries gradually moved from experimental research to practicality and commercialization. Due to the excellent performance of lithium batteries, all countries are racing to develop various new types of lithium batteries to meet military and consumer needs, such as lithium iodine batteries (1972), lithium chromic acid batteries (1973), lithium sulfur dioxide batteries (1974), lithium sulfite acyl chloride batteries (1974), lithium Copper(II) oxide batteries (1975), lithium Manganese dioxide batteries (1976), lithium Molybdenum disulfide batteries (1989), lithium ion batteries (1991) and lithium Manganese dioxide batteries (1994). Especially in the early 1990s, the high specific energy and long life lithium-ion batteries invented and launched by Sony Energy Technology in Japan greatly promoted the development of the lithium-ion battery industry.

　　Lithium ion batteries have many superior characteristics, such as high energy, high safety, wide operating temperature range, stable operating voltage, and long storage life (compared to other batteries). In terms of safety, lithium-ion batteries are much safer than other batteries. Especially with the adoption of control measures, the safety of lithium-ion batteries has been greatly guaranteed. The battery has undergone abuse tests such as overcharging, short circuit, puncture, and impact (voltage), and no danger has occurred. Lithium ion batteries, like Cd Ni and MH Ni batteries, can charge quickly and have no memory effect, making them far superior to Cd Ni batteries; Its self discharge rate is much lower than that of MH-Ni batteries. From the perspective of environmental protection, the World Environmental Protection Organization has long classified cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) as harmful substances. Therefore, the use of batteries containing these three elements has been restricted, especially in Europe where some governments have significantly raised environmental taxes on certain batteries, while lithium-ion batteries do not have these issues.

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