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　　Why are nuclear batteries not popular? What are the technical difficulties of nuclear batteries?

　　Nuclear batteries, also known as isotope batteries, are devices that use the decay of radioactive isotopes to release energy-carrying particles (such as alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays) and convert their energy into electrical energy. According to the voltage provided, nuclear batteries can be divided into high-voltage type (hundreds to thousands of V) and low-voltage type (about tens of mV1V). According to the energy conversion mechanism, it can be divided into direct conversion type and indirect conversion type.

　　More specifically, it includes direct charging nuclear batteries, gas ionization nuclear batteries, radiovoltaic effect energy conversion nuclear batteries, phosphor photoelectric nuclear batteries, thermophotoelectric nuclear batteries, thermoelectric nuclear batteries, and thermionic emission nuclear batteries. Batteries, electromagnetic radiation energy conversion nuclear batteries and thermal engine conversion nuclear batteries, etc. Among them, direct rechargeable nuclear batteries and gas ionization nuclear batteries are direct conversion types and are rarely used. Currently, the most widely used ones are thermoelectric nuclear batteries and thermomechanical conversion nuclear batteries. Substantial progress in nuclear batteries began in the 1950s. Due to their small size, light weight and long life, and their energy size and speed are not affected by the temperature, chemical reaction, pressure, electromagnetic field, etc. of the external environment, therefore , it can work in a wide temperature range and harsh environments. Difficulties in promoting nuclear batteries

　　1. There is radioactive contamination and must be properly protected; and once the battery is installed, regardless of whether it is used or not, as the radioactive source decays, the electrical performance will decline.

　　2. Nuclear batteries are expensive to make.

　　3. The energy conversion rate is not high.

　　4. Shielding issues of nuclear batteries for civilian use

　　The nuclear batteries currently used are all α- and β-decay nuclides, and their particle ranges are relatively short and shielded. There is no need to worry about radiation problems during normal use. However, considering the various uncertainties that exist in civilian use, nuclear batteries It is still difficult to use batteries for civilian use.

　　Related accidents caused by nuclear batteries

　　During the Cold War, the U.S. government often manufactured plutonium nuclear batteries that could last for decades. Over the years, it has built dozens of nuclear batteries that power satellites, planetary probes, and spy devices. However, there have also been accidents that released harmful substances. and globally.

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