button battery cr2032

　　What progress has China made in button battery cr2032 research?

　　Energy is the material basis for the progress and development of human civilization. In recent years, with the gradual consumption of fossil energy and increasingly prominent environmental pollution problems, human demand for green, clean, and renewable energy has grown rapidly. The development of efficient and low-cost energy storage and conversion technologies such as water splitting, fuel cells, and metal-air batteries has become a frontier area of research. Among them, zinc-air batteries use aqueous electrolytes, which have the advantages of low cost, safety, and environmental friendliness. The theoretical energy is as high as 1084Wh/kg, and they are expected to become a new generation of energy storage equipment. Depending on the needs of use, zinc-air batteries can be made into primary batteries, rechargeable batteries and flexible batteries. The discharge process of zinc-air batteries involves oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), while the charging process involves oxygen evolution reaction (OER). At present, Pt-based catalysts are excellent ORR catalysts, and Ir- and Ru-based catalysts have excellent catalytic performance in OER reactions. However, platinum group elements are scarce in the earth's crust, are expensive, have poor stability, and have single functions. Therefore, the development of low-cost, efficient, and stable non-noble metal catalysts is of great significance for the commercial promotion of zinc-air batteries.

　　Single-atom catalysts have high intrinsic activity, maximized atom utilization efficiency, and specific catalyst structures. In recent years, the preparation, characterization and catalytic performance research of single-atom catalysts have become a research hotspot in the fields of energy, materials and catalysis. Non-precious metal Fe-based, Co-based, Ni-based, and Mn-based single-atom catalysts show excellent electrocatalytic performance and are expected to become alternative materials to platinum group noble metal catalysts. In particular, Fe-based single-atom catalysts have better performance than Pt-based catalysts in ORR reactions under alkaline conditions, showing higher half-wave potential, greater limiting current density and diffusion current density.

　　Recently, in the research group of Researcher Sun Chunwen of the Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Associate Researcher Han Junxing and others successfully prepared a single-atom Fe-based catalyst based on metal-organic framework material (MOF) coating and high-temperature cracking technology. This work uses divalent FeSO4 as the Fe precursor; 1,10-phenanthroline as the organic ligand (Phen) to form an organic complex (Fe-Phen) by coordinating with Fe2+ ions. During the growth process of MOF crystals, organic composite molecules (Fe-Phen) are encapsulated in situ in nanocavities with molecular dimensions, and are isolated from each other by the MOF skeleton. After being calcined at a high temperature of 900°C in an Ar atmosphere, a single-atom dispersed Fe-based catalyst was obtained. Electrochemical test results show that the half-wave potential of the single-atom Fe-based catalyst in the ORR reaction is as high as 0.91V, 90mV higher than the traditional Pt/C catalyst, and better than most catalysts reported in the literature so far; the electrochemically active surface area is about Twice that of commercial Pt/C catalysts. Single-atom Fe-based catalysts are used as cathode catalysts for primary zinc-air batteries. The battery open circuit voltage is as high as 1.51V, which is better than Pt/C catalyst (1.45V); the power density reaches 96.4mWcm-2; with a current density of 10mAcm-2 After discharge, a button battery cr2032 can operate stably for more than 2000 minutes at a discharge voltage of 1.28V.

　　Figure 1. a) Schematic structural diagram of a primary button battery cr2032; b) Open circuit voltage variation curve with time of batteries prepared with different catalysts; c) Battery power density characteristics; d) Battery discharge curve; e) Current at 10mAcm-2 Battery constant current discharge curve under density; f) Demonstrates that zinc-air batteries can power electronic watches.

　　In addition to showing excellent ORR catalytic performance, the single-atom Fe-based catalyst also has good dual-functional (ORR/OER) catalytic properties. The potential difference between Ej10 and E1/2 is 0.92V, which is smaller than that of the precious metal composite catalyst (Pt/C +RuO2) (0.94V). Using a single-atom Fe-based catalyst as the cathode of a rechargeable button battery cr2032, the button battery cr2032 can operate stably for more than 250 hours at a current density of 10 mAcm-2. Using a single-atom Fe catalyst as the cathode of a flexible foldable button battery cr2032, the battery can operate stably for more than 120 hours at a current density of 1 mAcm-2.

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